The northern part of the country is mainly inhabited by Arabs, while the south is inhabited by the Nagan or Kirdi peoples. There is no predominant national group in the region, the largest ethnic community is the Sari, which makes up a quarter of the total population. Europeans, mostly French, make up a small proportion of the population. The official languages are French and Arabic.

About 52% of the population are Sunni Muslims, most of whom live in northern Chad.

Chad, formerly called Kanem, was settled in the 7th century by the Arabs. Since 1913, it has been a province of French Equatorial Africa, and subsequently, since 1958, a self-governing state within the French Community. Francois Tombalbaye became his prime minister. The state gained full independence in 1960 and Tombalbaye was elected the first president.

His party, with Sari from the Chadian Progress Party representing the majority, won 57 of the 85 seats in the National Assembly. Soon, unrest began in the country, which was mainly caused by disagreements between the nomadic Arabs in the north, who considered Libya their ally, and the Sari Christians from the south, who relied on neighboring Nigeria.

The conflict began because of the party division and because of the organization of private armies, which had their own commanders. By 1975, at least three groups had declared their revolutionary orientation. In the north, the National Liberation Front of Chad organized a demonstration, led by Goukoni Usddi and Hassan Gabre.

At the same time, Tombalbaye's attempts to resume the national movement ("Chadigalion") in 1975 rallied the opposition against him. He was killed in a coup led by Felix Mallum, the head of the administration. Mallum confirmed himself as president of the Supreme Military Council, but despite his calls for national unity, the National Liberation Front of Chad remained his opponent, enlisting the support of Libya.

In 1978, the National Front, now under the leadership of General Goukoni, expanded its territorial control, but this was prevented by French troops. Mallum tried to resolve the conflict by appointing Hasan Gabre, the former leader of the National Front, as prime minister, but war broke out again in 1979, and Mallum had to leave the country. The congress of opposition groups in Nigeria ended with the formation of an interim government. Gukoni became president. The Organization of African Unity (OAU) deployed peacekeeping troops formed in Nigeria, Senegal and Zaire, but this attempt to prevent a civil war between Goukoni and Gabre failed.

By April 1981, Gabre's northern military forces controlled half of the country and forced Gukoni to flee. A government in exile is being formed abroad. In 1983, most of the OAU members agreed to accept the Gabre regime, but Goukoni, with the support of Libya, joined the fight again. After the bombing of Libya, Gabre turned to France for help, and 3,000 military instructors were sent to him. After the French-African summit in August 1983, it was decided to cease fire. In December, a dividing line was created at latitude 16 degrees north, separating the two sides. Libyan President Colonel Muammar Gaddafi proposed starting a one-time withdrawal of French and Libyan troops. His offer was accepted. Meanwhile, Gabre disbanded the National Front's military forces and formed a new political party, the National Union for Independence (UUP), but opposition to his regime was growing in the country.

In 1987, Libya intensified military operations in northern Chad, forcing the Gabre Government to behave appropriately in response. Gabra had to, albeit unwillingly, restore relations with France, seeking its support. In September 1987, it became known that France, Chad and Libya had agreed to consider the ceasefire plan proposed by the OAU. In the same year, Gukoni publicly declared his support for Gabre as the legitimate head of the country. In May 1988, Colonel Gaddafi made an unexpected offer of willingness to meet with President Gabre and resolve the main differences. In October 1988, when the civil war was suspended, diplomatic relations between the two countries were restored.

The new constitution was adopted in June 1990, but five months later, the Patriotic Salvation Movement (PDS), which had stationed its forces in Sudan, led by Idriss Deby, the former commander-in-chief of the Chadian army, and supported by Libya, defeated Gabre's army, and Deby was elected president. The United States refused to accept his regime because of its ties to Libya, but France agreed to provide financial assistance.

Despite the attempted coups and uprisings in 1991 and 1992, Deby's government retained control of the country, promising the establishment of a democratic multi-party regime in the near future. After the National Conference in 1993, a transitional charter was adopted, which was in force until the 1994 elections. The transitional period lasted until 1996.

Anti-Government forces remained active in 1998 and 1999, especially the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (MDC), led by Joseph Togoimi, a former Interior Minister. In April 1999 The Democratic People's Republic of China teamed up with two other rebel groups to form an opposition bloc, which soon led to a series of military victories. seopaslaugos.com seo paslaugos gera kaina